Micronutrient Vitamin Deficiencies and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Advancing Current Understanding

Vitamin deficiencies in chronic kidney disease

Vitamin D and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease.

Observational studies have mostly found a strong association of low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), usually used to measure vitamin D status, with increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death. However, recent Mendelian randomization studies and randomized intervention trials do not support a causal association of 25(OH)D or vitamin D supplementation with card...

Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

Many studies, 1,2 but not all, have shown that low bone density is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly and is associated with osteoporosis; however, the association of endogenous 25-OH vitamin D (25-OH D) levels with CVD events is controversial.3,4 CVD rates are higher during winter seasons and at increased geographic latitu...

Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Many studies, 1,2 but not all, have shown that low bone density is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly and is associated with osteoporosis; however, the association of endogenous 25-OH vitamin D (25-OH D) levels with CVD events is controversial.3,4 CVD rates are higher during winter seasons and at increased geographic latitu...

Global distribution and disease burden related to micronutrient deficiencies.

Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals that are essential for human life and health. Deficiencies in these micronutrients are common because of poor quality diets and frequent infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. The high prevalence of deficiencies and their important adverse consequences on mortality, morbidity and disability result in a substantial disease burden. In par...